barret m 80

El rifle M82 es un altamente potenciado SASR (rifle especial de aplicación ampliada) desarrollado por la firma "Barrett FireArms Company" de EE.UU.. Corrientemente equipo de muchas unidades y Ejércitos del mundo, incluyendo las Fuerzas Especiales estadounidenses. Llamado también el "Cincuenta Ligero" por su carga .50 calibre BMG (12,7 mm). El arma se halla en dos variantes — la original M82A1 (y A3) y la bullpup M82A2. La M82A2 ya no se manufactura, aunque laXM500 puede verse como su sucesor espiritual, empleándose la configuración bullpup.
Tabla de contenidos[ocultar]
1 Descripción
2 Técnica
3 Controversia
4 Designaciones oficiales
4.1 Designación en EE.UU.
4.2 Selected Foreign Designations
5 Especificaciones
5.1 M82A1
5.2 M82A2
5.3 XM500
6 Enlaces externos
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Descripción [editar]

M107, casi idéntico al M82A1M/A3

M107 vista de frente

Una G82 (M82A3 con óptica de Zeiss) del Ejército Alemán
La firma Barrett Firearms Company fue fundada por Ronnie Barrett con el único propósio de construir rifles semiautomáticos de gran potencia con munición .50 BMG, originalmente desarrollado como Browning M2. Barrett comienza su trabajo a principios de los 1980s, y los primeros rifles aparecen en 1982, con la designación M82. Barrett continua con su rifle en los 1980s, y produce el mejorado M82A1 en 1986. El primer éxito fue la compra de cerca de 100 M82A1 por el Ejército de Suecia en 1989. Luego sigue en 1990, cuando el Ejército de los Estados Unidos adquiere un número significativo de M82A1 durante las operaciones de Escudo del Desierto y Tormenta del Desierto en Kuwait y en Iraq. Cerca de 125 rifles fueron comprados inicialmente por el Cuerpo de Marines de los Estados Unidos, a lo que siguieron órdenes de la Armada y la Fuerza Aérea.
El M82A1 se conoce en la milicia de EE.UU como SASR — "Special Applications Scoped Rifle", y fue y sigue usándose como arma anti-material y EOD ([[acrónimo en inglés para "dispositivo para detonar explosivos"). Su larga efectividad, a más de 1,5 km con un disparo récord a 2,5 km, junto a su alta energía y disponibilidad de munición altamente efectiva como las balas antiblindaje API, y Raufoss Mk 211, garantizando operaciones eficientes contra blancos como radares, camiones, aeronaves estacionadas. Y puede usarse la M82 contra blancos humanos defendidos. Sin embargo la acción antipersonal no es la mayor aplicación del M82 (o de cualquier otro rifle .50 BMG). Es un error muy difundido suponer que la mayoría de las acciones es contra humanos con el .50 BMG. El Procurador General de la Corte Militar de EE.UU. ha emitido una opinión legal de que el .50 BMG y aún el Mk 211 son legales para su uso contra enemigos.
Further development led to the M82A2 bullpup rifle in 1987, which was a reduced-recoil design to be fired from the shoulder. It failed to make an impression on the world firearms market, and was soon dropped from production. The M82A2 was intended as a cheap anti-helicopter weapon, suitable for use against highly mobile targets when fired from the shoulder. [cita requerida] However, in 2006, Barrett had developed the XM500, the functionality and bullpup configuration of which make it a spiritual successor to the M82A2
The latest derivative of the M82 family is the M82A1M rifle, adopted by USMC as the M82A3 SASR and bought in large numbers. This rifle differs from M82A1 in that it has a full length Picatinny rail that allows a wide variety of scopes and sighting devices to be mounted on the rifle. Other changes are the addition of a rear monopod, slightly lightened mechanism and detachable bipod and muzzle brake.
Another variant of the original weapon is the M82A1A Special Application Scoped Rifle, an almost identical model but specifically designed to fire the Raufoss Mk 211 Mod 0 round, a type of API (Armour Piercing Incendiary) ammunition.[1]
Barrett M82 rifles were bought by various military and police forces from at least 30 countries, such as Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and others. The M82 also is widely used for civilian .50 caliber long range shooting competitions, being fired accurately out to 1000 yards (900 meters) and even farther.
The U.S. Coast Guard uses the Barrett M82 rifle for drug interdictions. Effective interdiction requires that personnel on Coast Guard cutters be able to deliver accurate fire to stop high-speed drug runners. Similarly, Barrett M82 rifles have attracted attention from law enforcement agencies; they have been adopted by the NYPD. If it becomes necessary to immobilize a vehicle, a .50 BMG round in the engine block will shut it down quickly. If it is necessary to breach barriers, a .50 BMG round will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete blocks.
According to the documentary The Brooklyn Connection, M82s smuggled into Kosovo by sympathizers in the United States have quickly become popular long range sniper rifles in the Kosovo Liberation Army. In Northern Ireland during the 1990s, the South Armagh Brigade of the IRA maintained an extremely effective and intensive sniping campaign against the British Army and RUC police. The Barrett rifle was used, and in 1997 it killed the last British soldier to die in the conflict, Stephen Restorick, in Northern Ireland. The .50 cal round seemed to defeat all body armour it met. Later a top IRA sniper, Michael Caraher, was arrested and his Barrett rifle was captured by British forces.
As a side note, the Barrett M82A1 rifle was used in 2002 as a platform for the experimental OSW (Objective Sniper Weapon) prototype. This weapon was fitted with a shorter barrel of 25 mm caliber, and fired high explosive shells developed for the 25 x 59 mm OCSW automatic grenade launcher. The experimental OSW showed an increased effectiveness against various targets, but the recoil was beyond human limitations. This weapon, also known as the Barrett 'Payload Rifle', has now been designated the XM109.
The M82 has been redesignated in the US Army as the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle. Initially the Army issued a requirement for a bolt-action .50 BMG sniper weapon, and then selected the Barrett M95. However, it was then decided that a bolt-action rifle was in fact not what the US Army was looking for. Unfortunately, money had already been allotted in the budget for an "XM107" rifle, so they decided to redesignate the M82A1M/A3 to XM107 in order to purchase more of those rifles. There is no difference between the XM107 and the M82A1M/A3. See the M107 entry for more information on differences between XM107s and production M107s.

Técnica [editar]

El francotirador de la Armada Ian M. Perry, (SNCOIC), Scout Sniper Platoon, (H&S CO), 1er Batallón, 24º Marines (1/24), practica fuego con la "Barrett 0.50 M82A1, campo de aviación An-Numaniyah, Iraq, Operación IRAQI FREEDOM
The M82 is a short recoil semi-automatic firearm. When the gun is fired, the barrel initially recoils for a short distance (about an inch/25 mm) being securely locked by the rotating bolt. After the short travel, a post on the bolt engaged in the curved cam track in the receiver turns the bolt to unlock it from the barrel. As soon as the bolt unlocks, the accelerator arm strikes it back, transferring part of the recoil energy of the barrel to the bolt to achieve reliable cycling. Then the barrel is stopped and the bolt continues back, to extract and eject a spent case. On its return stroke, the bolt strips the fresh cartridge from the box magazine and feeds it into the chamber and finally locks itself to the barrel. The striker also is cocked on the return stroke of the bolt. The gun is fed from a large detachable box magazine holding up to 10 rounds, although a rare 12 round magazine was developed for use in the first gulf war.
The receiver is made from two parts (upper and lower), stamped from sheet steel and connected by cross-pins. The heavy barrel is fluted to improve heat dissipation and save weight, and fitted with a large and effective reactive muzzle brake. On the earlier models the muzzle brakes had a round cross-section, later M82 rifles are equipped with two-chamber brakes of rectangular cross-section.
M82A1 rifles are fitted with scope mount and folding backup iron sights, should the glass scope break. The US Military M82 rifles are often equipped with Leupold Mark 4 telescopic sights. The M82A1M (USMC M82A3) rifles have long Picatinny accessory rails mounted and US Optics telescopic sights. Every M82 rifle is equipped with a folding carrying handle and a folding bipod (both are detachable on the M82A3). The M82A3 is also fitted with a detachable rear monopod under the butt. The buttpad is fitted with a soft recoil pad to further decrease the felt recoil. M82A1 and M82A3 rifles could be mounted on the M3 or M122 infantry tripods (originally intended for machine guns) or on vehicles using the special Barrett soft-mount. The M82A1 can be fitted with a carry sling but according to those who carried it in the field, the M82 is much too uncomfortable to be carried on a sling due to its excessive length and heavy weight. It is usually carried in a special carry soft or hard case.
The M82A2 differed from M82A1 mostly in its configuration—that the pistol grip along with trigger had been placed ahead of the magazine, and the buttpad has been placed below the receiver, just after the magazine. An additional forward grip was added below the receiver, and the scope mount has been moved forward too.
The Barrett M82 has been seen in a number of Hollywood action films (e.g Navy SEALs, RoboCop, Miami Vice, Smokin' Aces), often depicted with exaggerated capabilities. Misconceptions include being able to shoot down airliners; while the M82 was designed to disable parked aircraft, it is extremely unlikely that even the most highly trained marksman would be able to bring down a flying airplane firing the entire 10-round magazine, let alone one shot. After the advent of the autocannon, the .50 BMG was phased out of first line air-to-air use, since it was shown to be far less effective since World War II. In spite of clear disadvantages, it persisted in US use through the 1950s, most notably as the primary armament of the F-86 Sabre.

Controversia [editar]
Como en la mayoria de municiones de maxima potencia para rifles, disparando balas Full Metal Jacket, el M82 penetra fácilmente los chalecos antibalas Tipo IV y la mayoria de materiales de un edificio. Con la potencia añadida debida a su tamaño, el M82 puedes ademas perforar armaduras duras y vidrio balístico de nivel 8 -considerado el mas fuerte existente-. Debido a estas capacidades, ademas de la irrealista posibilidad de amenaza para los vuelos de las aerolineas comerciales -ver más arriba-, el M82 es un claro ejemplo del tipo de rifles cuya venta publica quiere ser vigilada por Control de Armas.
La prohibición de los rifles de calibre .50 para los poseedores no-gubernamentales en California y las discusiones sobre legislaciones similares en otros estados has causado que Barret ofrezca rifles en un calibre propietario de comportamiento similar, el .416 Barret que es mas pequeño en cuanto a diámetro, más rapido y tiene un coeficiente balístico mejorado que deberia penetrar incluso mejor que el .50 BMG.
Los oponentes a la prohibición del M82 y otros rifles de calibre .50 argumentan que el tamaño y el peso (así como el coste) del M82 hace inviable su uso por parte de la mayoria de criminales, mientras que los defensores de la prohibición argumentan que los terroristas extranjeros o autóctonos -especialmente Al Qaeda y el Provisional Irish Republican Army- adquirieron los M82 de las tiendas de armas de Estados Unidos.[cita requerida]

Designaciones oficiales [editar]

Designación en EE.UU. [editar]
Designation
Description
M82
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82 rifle semiautomatico
M82A1
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle. Improved variant including redesigned muzzle brake.
M82A1A
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle variant. Optimized for use with the Mk 211 Mod 0 .50 caliber round.
M82A1M
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle variant. Improved variant including lengthened accessory rail. Includes rear grip and monopod socket.
M82A2
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A2 semi-automatic bullpup rifle.
M82A3
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A3 semi-automatic rifle. New production rifles built to M82A1M specifications, featuring lengthened accessory rail which is usually, but not always, raised higher up than the M82A1M/M107. Unlike the M82A1M/M107, it does not include rear grip and monopod socket.
XM107/M107
Initially used to designate 12.7x99mm Barrett M95 bolt-action rifle. Designation changed to apply to an product improved M82A1M variant. Includes rear grip and monopod socket.

Selected Foreign Designations [editar]
País
Miembro NATO
Designación
Descripción
Dinamarca
Si
Mrg M/95
12.7x99 mm Barrett M95 bolt-action rifle.
Finlandia
No
12.7 TKIV 2000
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle.
Alemania
Si
G82
12.7x99mm Barrett M82A3 semi-automatic rifle.
Malasia
No
M82A2
12.7x99mm Barrett M82A2 bull-pup rifle.
Noruega
Si
M82A1NG
12.7x99mm M82A1 semi-automatic rifle.
Suecia
No
Ag 90
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle.
Reino Unido
Si
L82A1
12.7x99 mm Barrett M82A1 semi-automatic rifle.

Especificaciones [editar]

M82A1 [editar]
Calibre: .50 BMG (12.7 x 99 mm)
Operación: short recoil, semi-automatic
Overall length: 1150 (48") or 1220 mm (57")
Barrel length: 508 (20") or 737 mm (29")
Feed device: 10-round detachable box magazine
Sights: 10x telescopic
Mass: 14.0 kg [about 30.9 pounds] empty
Muzzle velocity: 853 m/s [2850 f/s] with 660 grain, 42.8 g projectile
Maximum effective range: 1800 m
Maximum range: 6800 m
Expected accuracy: Sub-MOA with match ammo
Unit replacement cost: $8010.00 US

M82A2 [editar]
Caliber: .50 BMG (12.7 x 99 mm)
Length: 1409 mm
Barrel length: 737 mm
Mass: 14.75 kg [32.5 pounds] (unloaded)
Maximum effective range on equipment-sized targets: 2100 m
Muzzle velocity: 900 m/s
Magazine capacity: 10 rounds
Unit replacement cost: $6,000
Status: Prototype no longer in production

XM500 [editar]
Caliber: .50 BMG (12.7 x 99 mm)
Length: 1168 mm (46")
Operation: gas operated, semi-automatic
Barrel: n/a
Mass: 11.8 kg [about 26 pounds]
Feed device: 10-round detachable box magazine